Pathophysiology and Evidence-Based Management of Dry Eye Disease: A Clinical Review

Anil Jain, Akram Ali

Abstract: Dry Eye Disease is a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface characterized by tear film instability and inflammation. This review aims to summarize the pathophysiology, classification, diagnostic framework, and management strategies of Dry Eye Disease. A narrative synthesis of current clinical guidelines and key reports was conducted. The disease is driven by tear hyperosmolarity, which initiates inflammatory cascades involving cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-?, and MMP-9, leading to ocular surface damage. Diagnosis relies on symptom assessment and objective markers such as NIBUT < 10 s and osmolarity \ge 308 mOsm/L. Management has evolved toward staged, anti-inflammatory approaches including pharmacologic and procedural interventions. Understanding disease mechanisms allows targeted therapy and improved clinical outcomes.

Keywords: Dry Eye Disease, Tear Film Instability, Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, Ocular Surface Inflammation, Tear Hyperosmolarity, Cyclosporine A, Diagnostic Biomarkers

How to Cite?: Anil Jain, Akram Ali, "Pathophysiology and Evidence-Based Management of Dry Eye Disease: A Clinical Review", Volume 15 Issue 4, April 2026, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 1135-1136, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR26417162247, DOI: https://dx.dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR26417162247

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