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Analysis Study Research Paper | Statistics | Volume 15 Issue 3, March 2026 | Pages: 402 - 404 | India
Stochastic Thermodynamics and Information-Energy Conversion in Feedback-Controlled Systems
Abstract: This work examines how thermodynamics must be rethought when systems become small, noisy, and driven far from equilibrium, as in colloidal particles and molecular machines. Building on stochastic thermodynamics, feedback controlled Brownian particle in a time dependent trap is modeled to trace work, heat, and entropy along individual trajectories rather than relying on bulk averages. A discrete measurement and feedback protocol is introduced, allowing information gathered about the particle position to be used for controlled trap shifts and work extraction. Mutual information between system and measurement is quantified and incorporated into a generalized second law, which sets a bound on extractable work once informational contributions are included. Large scale numerical simulations confirm that apparent violations of the conventional second law disappear when information is properly accounted for, and generalized fluctuation relations remain valid under feedback. The distribution of stochastic entropy production is analyzed at the trajectory level, and connections to thermodynamic uncertainty relations are discussed, highlighting trade-offs among precision, dissipation, and available information. The findings position information as a measurable thermodynamic resource with practical relevance for nanoscale engines and biological processes that operate under continual fluctuations.
Keywords: Stochastic Thermodynamics, Feedback Control, Information-Energy Conversion, Fluctuation Theorems, Mutual Information, Entropy Production, Maxwell's Demon, Brownian Particles, Optical Tweezers, Nonequilibrium Steady State
How to Cite?: Dr. Ashok Jahagirdar, "Stochastic Thermodynamics and Information-Energy Conversion in Feedback-Controlled Systems", Volume 15 Issue 3, March 2026, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 402-404, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR26304200531, DOI: https://dx.dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR26304200531