Ionizing Radiation in Space: Protecting Human Biochemistry During Long-Duration Missions

Aahana Mittal

Abstract: Space exploration exposes astronauts to ionizing radiation from galactic cosmic rays, solar particle events, and trapped radiation belts, posing significant risks to human biochemistry. This review examines the molecular and cellular impacts of space radiation, including direct DNA damage (e. g., single- and double-strand breaks), indirect oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species, and protein alterations, which increase risks of cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular dysfunction. Drawing on the NASA Twins Study, the paper highlights real-world evidence of radiation-induced changes in gene expression, telomere dynamics, and inflammation during long-duration spaceflight. Current and emerging protective measures are evaluated, including physical shielding (e. g., hydrogen-rich materials), operational strategies (e. g., mission timing), and pharmacological interventions (e. g., Amifostine, melatonin, MnSOD mimetics). The review synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed studies to underscore the need for a multifaceted approach to mitigate radiation effects for future lunar and Martian missions. By integrating insights from radiobiology and materials science, this work emphasizes the critical role of interdisciplinary strategies in safeguarding astronaut health. The findings are relevant to medical science and space exploration, offering a foundation for developing effective countermeasures to ensure the safety of humans in deep space.

Keywords: Space radiation, DNA damage, oxidative stress, astronaut health, protective measures

How to Cite?: Aahana Mittal, "Ionizing Radiation in Space: Protecting Human Biochemistry During Long-Duration Missions", Volume 14 Issue 8, August 2025, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 1275-1279, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR25817203331, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR25817203331