Adsorption Mechanisms and Biochar Applications in the Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Environments

Aysham Mahmudova

Abstract: Water ecosystem contamination with heavy metals poses a continuous threat to human health due to its poisonous nature and its ability to remain unchanged in nature while accumulating in water bodies. The current approach to removing heavy metals through chemical methods and the use of ion exchange systems is not effective due to its high cost and the formation of evil sludge quantity and low removal performance at low metal concentrations. Among the other methods of wastewater treatment, adsorption is the most effective and economical, and environmentally friendly method of heavy metal removal. This paper discusses how biochar, which is produced from agricultural and livestock waste, such as cattle manure, can be utilized as an environmentally friendly adsorbent to eliminate heavy metals in water. The adsorption method works through two techniques, which are the powerful ionic or covalent bonding, and feeble Van Der Waals forces. The performance of adsorption depends on several parameters such as the area of a surface, the temperature of an environment, and the strength of adsorbent material to metal ions. Biochar prepared from agricultural and livestock wastes, especially cattle manure, can adsorb large quantities of heavy metals due to its high adsorption efficiency and surface characteristics. This property can also be reused in the future. It is a promising material that can immobilize heavy metal ions such as Pb(II), Cd(II), As(V), and Hg(II) due to its porous structure and its chemical stability. This research generally shows that biochar may be used as an eco-friendly and low-cost adsorbent in wastewater treatment. The adsorption and desorption behavior of biochar can be applied in large scale and can be useful in the development of effective remediation strategies to deal with heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems.

Keywords: Heavy metals, sticking, chemical bonding, physical bonding, biochar, cleaning wastewater, fixing environmental issues

How to Cite?: Aysham Mahmudova, "Adsorption Mechanisms and Biochar Applications in the Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Environments", Volume 15 Issue 1, January 2026, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 1439-1443, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=MR26126200730, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/MR26126200730