Comprehensive Review of Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers for Inhalation Therapy

Anurag Tiwari, Ashish Tiwari, Akshoy Ranjan Paul, Anuj Jain

Abstract: There is growing scientific evidence that air pollution has detrimental impacts on almost every organ and cell in the human body, making it one of the most important global health issues of the twenty-first century. Exposure to airborne pollutants, mostly ultrafine particles, has been associated with a variety of diseases, such as reproductive disorders, emphysema, asthma, cardiovascular problems, and cognitive impairment. The World Health Organization claims that air pollution is a global public health emergency, contributing to almost 8.8 million preventable deaths annually. Given these alarming consequences, this review explores pharmaceutical inhalation aerosol technology as a possible therapeutic approach to address respiratory and systemic diseases caused by or exacerbated by contaminated air. Optimized aerosol characteristics, such as droplet size and velocity, are critical to the operation and effectiveness of Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers (pMDIs). There includes a thorough discussion of key elements that influence atomization, such as internal turbulence, nozzle shape, and propellant behaviour. In order to enhance drug absorption and reduce systemic adverse effects, the study also concentrates on theoretical, experimental, and computational studies aimed at improving aerosol distribution to the peripheral lungs. In conclusion, future strategies that incorporate patient-specific modeling, lifelike breathing simulations, and advanced validation procedures will serve as a guide for the next generation of inhalation medications.

Keywords: Mean Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD), Inhalation Therapy, Oropharyngeal Deposition, Phase-Doppler Particle Analysis (PDPA), Atomizers Models, Chemotherapy