Privacy vs. Surveillance in the Digital Age: A Critical Study of India's Digital Personal Data Protection Laws

Shivani, Dr. Arti, Dr. Avon Kumar Vaid

Abstract: The accelerated digitization of governance, trade, and communication in India has led to the question of data privacy at the forefront. As the surveillance apparatus is made more advanced, the dilemma between national security and individual privacy worsens. In this paper, India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDPA) is critically analyzed for its role in protecting personal privacy while providing room for state surveillance. The research analyzes the balance or imbalance between individual rights and state power, using legal, technological, and ethical perspectives. It also engages comparative international frameworks to place India's legislative response within wider privacy debates.

Keywords: Data Protection, Privacy, Surveillance, DPDPA, India, Digital Rights, State Power, GDPR

How to Cite?: Shivani, Dr. Arti, Dr. Avon Kumar Vaid, "Privacy vs. Surveillance in the Digital Age: A Critical Study of India's Digital Personal Data Protection Laws", Volume 14 Issue 12, December 2025, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 1458-1462, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR251218182220, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR251218182220