Genetic Influences on Athletic Performance: A Review of ACTN3, ACE, and the Limits of Prediction

Anaya Thomas

Abstract: A person's physique is strongly influenced by genetics. Traits such as muscle type, endurance, and strength are shaped by specific genes, making genetics a key factor in sports science. This study investigates two genes prominent in athletic performance, ACTN3 and ACE, and evaluates their role within the emerging field of sports genomics. The research aims to examine how variations in these genes influence physiological traits related to power, speed, and endurance, and to assess their predictive value in identifying athletic potential. Variations in the ACTN3 gene affect the function of fast-twitch muscle fibres, essential for power and sprint performance. ACE gene variants are associated with cardiovascular efficiency and muscle endurance. The study further examines broader factors, including environmental influences, training conditions, and the ethical implications of genetic testing and talent identification in youth sports. Furthermore, it reviews research on genetic links to injury susceptibility. The genes are influential to some extent but not determinative of any athletic performance. A detailed analysis of existing literature, review articles was done. These observations support the conclusion that while ACTN3 and ACE genes provide useful information about physiological predispositions, athletic success ultimately depends on a combination of factors like genetics, environment, and training.

Keywords: ACTN3, ACE, sports genomics, athletic performance, genetic testing

How to Cite?: Anaya Thomas, "Genetic Influences on Athletic Performance: A Review of ACTN3, ACE, and the Limits of Prediction", Volume 14 Issue 11, November 2025, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 1562-1566, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR251120180706, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR251120180706