Galactic Dark Matter Halos Reconsidered: in Augmented Newtonian Dynamics

Dilip D James

Abstract: Since the 1970s, the observation of flat galactic rotation curves has been interpreted as evidence for massive, invisible halos of dark matter surrounding galaxies - an assumption invoked to preserve Newton?s law of gravitation at galactic scales. Yet the persistence of these flat curves continues to challenge both Newtonian gravitation and the standard cosmological model. Conventional explanations rely on hypothetical halos of unseen particles or on ad hoc modifications of Newton?s law, neither offering a physically grounded mechanism. This paper presents an alternative framework - Augmented Newtonian Dynamics (AND) - which restores classical causality by rejecting wave?particle duality and identifying dark matter with a virtual photon aether: a stationary, non-rotating, non-interacting field of virtual photons permeating all space. Presumed to have originated during the earliest moments of the Big Bang, this aether is transparent and incapable of clumping or forming density gradients, yet it possesses intrinsic energy and therefore energy?mass equivalence, enabling it to transmit both electromagnetic and gravitational effects. Within this medium, gravity emerges from ordered alignments generated by the self-interaction of electrons as they continuously emit and reabsorb photons to maintain energy equilibrium. These transient alignments form lines of force representing the shortest distance between bodies and yield the familiar inverse-square dependence of attraction. The same field geometry naturally explains the constancy of galactic rotation velocities without invoking dark-matter halos, thereby uniting radiation, matter, and gravitation within a single, coherent physical continuum.

Keywords: Augmented Newtonian Dynamics, Virtual Photon Aether, Galactic Rotation Curves, Dark Matter, Photon Alignment, Wave?Particle Duality, Physical Continuity in Space, MOND Modified Newtonian Dynamics

How to Cite?: Dilip D James, "Galactic Dark Matter Halos Reconsidered: in Augmented Newtonian Dynamics", Volume 14 Issue 11, November 2025, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 351-355, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR251105111946, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR251105111946