The Kidney as a Master Regulator of Blood Pressure and Cardiac Function: A Comprehensive Review

Subhadeep Aditya

Abstract: Background: The kidneys occupy a central position in cardiovascular homeostasis through their multifaceted roles in fluid and electrolyte regulation, hormonal signaling, and sympathetic modulation. Dysfunction in renal physiology is among the strongest independent predictors of hypertension and adverse cardiac outcomes. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes evidence from original research articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between 2000 and 2024 in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases, focusing on renal mechanisms governing blood pressure and cardiac function. Results: Evidence demonstrates that the kidney regulates blood pressure through sodium handling, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), tubuloglomerular feedback, and renal sympathetic innervation. Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) describes a spectrum of bidirectional pathophysiology in which cardiac dysfunction impairs renal function and vice versa. Key mediators include angiotensin II, aldosterone, erythropoietin, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), and natriuretic peptides. Conclusion: A thorough understanding of cardiorenal physiology is essential for clinicians managing hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Integrated therapeutic strategies targeting RAAS, sympathetic activity, and sodium balance confer significant cardiovascular and renoprotective benefits.

Keywords: kidney, blood pressure, cardiac function, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, cardiorenal syndrome, hypertension, heart failure, sodium homeostasis

How to Cite?: Subhadeep Aditya, "The Kidney as a Master Regulator of Blood Pressure and Cardiac Function: A Comprehensive Review", Volume 15 Issue 3, March 2026, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 160-165, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR26303231817, DOI: https://dx.dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR26303231817

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