Archaeoarchitecture of Ancient India: From Neolithic Pits to Indus Bricks

Dr. Indira Malapaka

Abstract: This article traces the evolution of ancient Indian house-making techniques from the Neolithic period (c. 7000-2500 BCE) through to the Common Era, integrating archaeological evidence with literary references. It highlights the transition from rudimentary shelters like mud-brick houses at Mehrgarh and wattle and daub huts at Bhirrana and Chirand, including unique pit dwellings at Burzahom, reflecting early settled agricultural lifestyles. The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2600-1900 BCE) is presented as a pinnacle of urban sophistication, characterized by standardized baked and unbaked brick construction, sophisticated drainage systems, and planned settlements with central courtyards designed for privacy and climate control. While direct IVC texts are absent, later Sanskrit works like the Artha??stra provide conceptual parallels. The Vedic period and beyond (c. 1500 BCE onwards) saw a greater reliance on timber, mud, and thatch, with literary sources like the Vedas detailing architectural elements and the emergence of foundational principles later codified in Vastu Shastra. The article concludes by discussing the continued use of mud and brick, regional adaptations, and advanced timber joinery in later periods, emphasizing the enduring legacy of sustainable and adaptable building practices in India.

Keywords: Ancient Indian Architecture, Neolithic Dwellings, Indus Valley Cities, Mud Brick Construction, Timber Techniques, Vastu Shastra

How to Cite?: Dr. Indira Malapaka, "Archaeoarchitecture of Ancient India: From Neolithic Pits to Indus Bricks", Volume 14 Issue 7, July 2025, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 905-909, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR25712173227, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR25712173227