Assessment of Fluoride and Heavy Metal Contamination in Drinking Water Sources in South Kordofan State: Public Health Implications

Ali Abdurahman Hassan

Abstract: Fluoride and heavy metals in drinking water pose significant risks to public health when their concentrations exceed permissible limits. This study evaluates the contamination levels of fluoride and heavy metals in drinking water sources in South Kordofan State, Sudan, and their compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) and Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organization (SSMO) guidelines. Findings highlight concerning levels of fluoride and heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium in both surface and groundwater sources. The study discusses the implications for public health, including dental fluorosis and heavy metal toxicity, and recommends interventions for safe drinking water provision.

Keywords: fluoride contamination, heavy metals, drinking water safety, public health risks, South Kordofan Sudan