Article Review of Antibiotic Resistance

Libena K J, Dr Neethu J

Abstract: Background: Antibiotic resistance (AR) has emerged as a critical public health threat, driven by the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents in both clinical and agricultural settings. Multidrug-resistant organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and extended-spectrum ?-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are responsible for rising morbidity and mortality rates globally. The increasing resistance to existing antibiotics, coupled with a slowdown in the development of new antimicrobial agents, demands comprehensive surveillance, prevention strategies, and innovative therapeutic approaches. Methodology: This review synthesizes data from a series of peer-reviewed studies and reports that examine the molecular mechanisms, epidemiology, and clinical impacts of antibiotic resistance. Topics covered include biofilm formation, efflux pump activity, horizontal gene transfer, and the emergence of resistance in healthcare settings. Studies utilizing genomic surveillance, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models, and resistance mapping were assessed to understand resistance trends and intervention outcomes. Aims and Objectives: The primary objective is to explore the causes, mechanisms, and implications of antibiotic resistance and to evaluate current strategies for containment. Specifically, this work aims to: 1) Identify key bacterial resistance mechanisms. 2) Examine the relationship between antibiotic use and resistance development. 3) Assess the impact of resistance on clinical outcomes. 4) Highlight the role of antibiotic stewardship and policy reform. 5) Explore novel therapeutic strategies and resistance management frameworks. Results: The findings underscore the complexity of resistance evolution. Resistance is often linked to the misuse of antibiotics, with genes being transferred via plasmids, transposons, and other mobile genetic elements. Biofilms and efflux systems significantly increase bacterial tolerance to antibiotics. Intervention strategies such as reduced prescribing, combination therapies, and the use of resistance inhibitors show mixed results. Surveillance data indicate that while community prescribing has declined in some regions, resistance-especially among Gram-negative bacteria-continues to rise. Conclusion: Antibiotic resistance remains an evolving threat requiring a multifaceted, global response. While infection control and stewardship programs have had some success, resistance continues to spread due to genetic adaptability and environmental factors. Combating this issue necessitates sustained investment in research, international policy coordination, enhanced diagnostics, and the prudent use of antimicrobials.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, multidrug-resistant organisms, biofilms, efflux pumps, horizontal gene transfer, antibiotic stewardship, β-lactamase, public health, microbial genomics, antimicrobial therapy

How to Cite?: Libena K J, Dr Neethu J, "Article Review of Antibiotic Resistance", Volume 14 Issue 12, December 2025, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 1042-1043, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR251212195149, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR251212195149