South Indian Culture and Devadasis

Dr. Kamaraj S.

Abstract: Medieval South Indian agrarian society was shaped by the coexistence of Brahmins and the indigenous agrarian population. Land grants and temple constructions by the Pallava, Chola, and Pandya kings strengthened the feudal system. Agricultural surplus expanded Brahmin-royal authority, with temples and villages (Oor and Sabha) maintaining an interdependent relationship. Ancient rural places of worship evolved into massive temples. Temple towns like Tirupati developed by the 12th and 13th centuries, with kings, Brahmins, and merchants serving as the primary economic forces behind this growth. The medieval era was characterized by an indulgence in sensual pleasures, reflected in erotic sculptures. With the growth of temples, Tantric Shaivism gained prominence, as its philosophy suited the feudal class's lifestyle. The Devadasi system gained currency through dance and performance dedicated to Shiva as Nataraja. Royal patronage, such as Raja Raja Chola I donating 400 Devadasis to the Thanjavur temple, solidified their role. Devadasis became an integral part of the upper-class sexual life. The 'servitude' (Dasatva) ideology within the Bhakti movement reinforced the feudal structure, equating royal devotion with divine devotion. By the 11th and 12th centuries, temples became large landowners, making the priestly class a dominant social force. South Indian Shaivism aggressively confronted and gained dominance over Buddhism and Jainism. The Chola period was the golden age of temple building and Brahmin migration, where the temple symbolized the pillar of royal authority. Historical records document the lives and social status of Devadasis in Karnataka, Andhra, and Tamil Nadu. The Devadasi class, including the male accompanists (Nattuvanmars), was instrumental in cultivating the Indian classical music and dance traditions. K. K. Pillai detailed the duties of Devadasis, such as the Thevaradiyar and Kudikaris, at the Suchindram temple. The Devadasi system stimulated the production and trade of expensive clothing and ornaments. This urban lifestyle and temple culture influenced Tamil poetry, fostering genres related to love and detailed descriptions of women'.

Keywords: Culture, Devadasis, Indian Society, Rituals, Temple

How to Cite?: Dr. Kamaraj S., "South Indian Culture and Devadasis", Volume 14 Issue 11, November 2025, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 1428-1431, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR251119121558, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR251119121558