Hydrogen Concentration Sensors in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: Design Considerations, Advancements and Challenges

Vinay Nagarad Dasavandi Krishnamurthy

Abstract: Hydrogen safety sensors are indispensable components in mitigating the risks associated with hydrogen in various applications, particularly in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs). This paper reviews advancements, challenges, and design considerations pertaining to hydrogen concentration sensors, focusing on their critical role in detecting hydrogen before it reaches hazardous levels. Highlighting the importance of early detection, the paper emphasizes the need for sensors capable of alerting well below the lower flammability limit (LFL) of 4 vol% in air. Various types of hydrogen sensors, including electrochemical, catalytic, and solid - state sensors, are discussed, considering their advantages and limitations. Design considerations such as sensitivity, selectivity, response time, and reliability are explored to ensure effective sensor performance in diverse environments. Moreover, the paper delves into the integration of hydrogen concentration sensors in FCEVs, detailing their function in optimizing fuel cell system efficiency and ensuring safe operation. Overall, this paper provides comprehensive insights into hydrogen concentration sensors, offering valuable guidance for their development and implementation in automotive and industrial applications.

Keywords: LFL, MOX, H2 sensors, PWM, FCEV