Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Nutritional Management: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions

Dr. Shwetha Bhat

Abstract: Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic, progressive metabolic disorder characterised by insulin resistance and ?-cell dysfunction. Its rising global prevalence, currently affecting over 460 million people, is largely attributed to modifiable lifestyle factors including poor dietary habits, physical inactivity, and obesity. Objective: This review aims to critically evaluate the current evidence surrounding the nutritional management of T2D, emphasising the role of dietary patterns, macronutrient balance, supplementation, and behavioural strategies in disease prevention and control. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using data from international clinical guidelines, randomised controlled trials, and high-quality systematic reviews, with a focus on evidence from the past decade. Results: Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) is a cornerstone in T2D management, capable of significantly improving glycemic control, lipid profiles, and body weight outcomes. Dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet, characterised by high intake of whole grains, legumes, vegetables, and unsaturated fats, have consistently demonstrated benefits. Macronutrient distribution should be individualised, though higher protein and lower glycemic index carbohydrate intake show promise. Supplements such as vitamin D, magnesium, and in selected cases, zinc and chromium, may support metabolic control, though broad recommendations remain unsupported. Sarcopenia, frequently co-existing with T2D, necessitates integrated dietary and exercise strategies. Despite strong evidence for lifestyle interventions, long-term adherence remains a major challenge. Conclusions: Nutritional therapy remains central to T2D management and prevention. Personalised dietary interventions, supported by behavioural counselling and digital tools, offer a path toward improved metabolic outcomes. Future research should prioritise precision nutrition, long-term adherence strategies, and the integration of nutrition into comprehensive diabetes care models.

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, medical nutrition therapy, dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet, sarcopenia, insulin resistance, macronutrients, supplements, lifestyle intervention, glycemic control, personalised nutrition, adherence

How to Cite?: Dr. Shwetha Bhat, "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Nutritional Management: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions", Volume 14 Issue 7, July 2025, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 1374-1376, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=MR25720110556, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/MR25720110556