Diagnostic Strategies for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Through Advanced Bioengineering

Paul Mugo

Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a long preclinical phase marked by early molecular alterations. Early detection of these changes is critical for timely intervention, yet current diagnostic methods are limited by invasiveness and cost. This study synthesizes recent advances in molecular diagnostic strategies enabled by bioengineering, including blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, extracellular vesicles (EV), circulating nucleic acids, and proteomic and glycomic profiling with post-translational modifications (PTMs). A structured literature review was conducted focusing on analytical validity, clinical relevance, and translational potential. The findings indicate that emerging technologies such as ultrasensitive immunoassays, nanotechnology-based biosensors, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven multi-omics integration enable detection of central nervous system-derived biomarkers in peripheral fluids with high sensitivity and specificity, with reported diagnostic performance approaching AUC ≥ 0.90. These approaches support the development of scalable and minimally invasive diagnostic systems. Continued standardization and validation are required to facilitate clinical implementation and improve early detection of AD.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, molecular diagnostics, bioengineering, biosensors, blood biomarkers, amyloid-beta, phosphorylated tau, multi-omics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, early detection

How to Cite?: Paul Mugo, "Diagnostic Strategies for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Through Advanced Bioengineering", Volume 15 Issue 4, April 2026, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 1002-1006, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR26410021900, DOI: https://dx.dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR26410021900

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