Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Heterocycles via Enzyme Catalysis and Microwave-Assisted Techniques

Afrah Mohamed Sharaf

Abstract: Heterocyclic compounds are essential in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals due to their wide biological activity. Traditional synthesis methods often involve hazardous reagents and high-energy consumption, raising environmental concerns. This study presents a green approach to heterocyclic synthesis by integrating biological catalysts, such as laccase, with renewable energy methods including microwave irradiation, ultrasound, and photocatalysis. A specific experimental protocol is proposed for laccase-catalyzed synthesis of benzimidazoles using microwave activation, showcasing its eco-efficiency, high yield, and industrial scalability. It is evident that combining enzymatic precision with modern energy techniques represents a meaningful advancement toward sustainable chemistry practices.

Keywords: Green chemistry, heterocyclic synthesis, enzymatic catalysis, microwave irradiation, sustainable methods

How to Cite?: Afrah Mohamed Sharaf, "Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Heterocycles via Enzyme Catalysis and Microwave-Assisted Techniques", Volume 14 Issue 7, July 2025, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 780-786, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR25708235706, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR25708235706