The Shadow of Solitude: A Comprehensive Review of Social Isolation and Loneliness on Mental Health Across the Lifespan

Jeejo N U

Abstract: Social connection is a fundamental human need, and its absence, manifested as social isolation and loneliness, poses significant risks to mental well-being across all stages of life. This comprehensive review looks into current literature to examine the multifaceted impact of social isolation (objective lack of social contact) and loneliness (subjective feeling of social disconnection) on mental health outcomes from childhood to older adulthood. We explore the definitions and distinctions between these constructs, delve into the underlying biological, psychological, and social mechanisms, and analyze their associations with a range of mental health challenges, including depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, and suicidality. Furthermore, we discuss moderating and mediating factors that influence the experience and consequences of social disconnection, and critically evaluate existing intervention strategies aimed at mitigating its detrimental effects. This review underscores the need for increased awareness, robust research, and targeted interventions to address the pervasive public health issue of social isolation and loneliness in an increasingly interconnected yet potentially fragmented world.

Keywords: Social Isolation, Loneliness, Mental Health, Lifespan, Depression, Anxiety, Cognition, Intervention