Thyroid Eye Disease: A Comprehensive Review

Dr. Mohan Kumar, Dr. Sangeetha Raja, Dr. Praveen Kumar, Dr. Pranav Kumar

Abstract: Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) or Graves? orbitopathy, is the most common orbital inflammatory disease associated with thyroid dysfunction. It predominantly affects individuals with Graves' disease but can also occur in hypothyroidism and euthyroid states. The disease manifests as orbital inflammation, proptosis, extraocular muscle dysfunction, and vision-threatening complications. This review discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and recent advancements in treatment modalities for TED.

Keywords: Thyroid Eye Disease, Graves? Orbitopathy, Autoimmune Disorder, Proptosis, Teprotumumab