Artificial Intelligence in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Review

Dr. Mohan Kumar, Dr. Sangeetha Raja, Dr. Praveen Kumar, Dr. Pranav Kumar

Abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a major cause of vision loss worldwide, exacerbated by the rising prevalence of diabetes. This review examines the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in DR diagnosis, screening, and management. Leveraging machine learning and deep learning, AI systems have achieved high sensitivity and specificity in detecting DR through fundus photography and optical coherence tomography, often rivaling expert ophthalmologists. The paper explores AI?s applications in telemedicine, progression prediction, and lesion segmentation, alongside challenges like data bias, regulatory hurdles, and clinical integration. Looking ahead, AI promises to enhance personalized care and accessibility, particularly in underserved regions, provided ethical and practical concerns are addressed. This review underscores AI?s potential to alleviate the global burden of DR-induced blindness.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, diabetic retinopathy, deep learning, telemedicine, ophthalmology