Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension: The Twin Epidemics of the 21st Century - A Comprehensive Review on Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies

Deepa S. Nair, Dr. Jolly Jose

Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are among the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Their coexistence exponentially increases the risk of cardiovascular, renal, and neurological complications. Aim: This review synthesizes global and national evidence on the prevalence, shared risk factors, pathophysiological linkages, and prevention strategies for diabetes and hypertension, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches in public health and clinical practice. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar from 2000?2025. Search terms included "diabetes mellitus", "hypertension", "NCD prevention", "risk factors", "epidemiology", and "lifestyle modification." Results: Globally, more than 540 million adults have diabetes and 1.3 billion have hypertension. Around 60?70% of people with diabetes also develop hypertension. Shared modifiable risk factors include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, tobacco use, and stress. Integrated management through lifestyle modification, dietary changes, physical activity, and health education can prevent or delay onset and reduce complications. Conclusion: Diabetes and hypertension are interlinked lifestyle disorders requiring comprehensive, community-based, and workplace-based preventive strategies. Strengthening health promotion, early screening, and sustained behavioral interventions is crucial for achieving global NCD targets

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, Lifestyle Modification, Prevention and Global Burden

How to Cite?: Deepa S. Nair, Dr. Jolly Jose, "Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension: The Twin Epidemics of the 21st Century - A Comprehensive Review on Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies", Volume 14 Issue 12, December 2025, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Pages: 1455-1457, https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SR251217130455, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/SR251217130455